1798 Large Eagle Silver Draped Bust Dollar NGC VF30

History of the Draped Bust, Large Eagle (1798-1804): (From NGC Coin Explorer)

Throughout the 1790s heads continued to roll off the guillotines of France as that country struggled to affirm the democratic principles it had first espoused in 1789. Some Americans watched nervously from across the Atlantic and wondered if the violence of the mob would spread to this country. But America’s democratic principles were firmly established, as it had already undergone the national trauma of revolution, war and two changes of government since 1776. By 1798 democracy in America was beginning to come of age.

This maturity of the United States was evident in the late 1790s not only by America’s refusal to be pulled into the war between England and France; it can also be seen in the changes in the nation’s unit of currency, the dollar. The design modifications of 1798 were actually grounded in events that began three years before.

When a new and improved coin press arrived at the Mint in Philadelphia in the spring of 1795, it made improvements possible both in the quantity of coins produced as well as their quality. The new press was able to properly stamp out the large sized dollar coins and include all the design details in the finished product.

The Draped Bust dollar obverse was designed by noted artist Gilbert Stuart in an attempt to elevate U.S. coinage designs to “world class” stature. This design marked a maturing of the “young” Liberty of the preceding Flowing Hair design to a more “matronly” concept of the emblematic national symbol. In 1798 the young hatchling eagle seen on the reverse of the earlier dollar was replaced with an older and more naturalistic eagle, one that was more in keeping with heraldic iconography.

One oversight in the iconography of the Heraldic Eagle reverse, though, was in the placement of the arrows in the eagle’s right claw—the more honorable placement in heraldry—leaving the olive branch in the left or less honorable claw. This more warlike placement of the arrows was repeated on all heraldic eagle coins of the period.

The Draped Bust design changes:

During the six years that Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle dollars were struck 1,153,709 coins were produced, all in the Philadelphia mint. There are dozens of die varieties, most involving only a minute difference in the placement of the stars, numerals, letters or other design elements.

But there are several important design changes in the series that are of interest to a wide range of collectors. On 1798 dollars there are two different patterns of stars on the reverse above the eagle’s head. The earlier configuration, known as the “cross pattern” was a modification of The Great Seal of the United States, with the stars arranged in two triangular groups of six joined by a single star in the middle.

The later design was much simpler. Known as the “arc pattern,” it had two parallel rows of stars: the top row had six, the second row five stars, followed by one star on either side of the eagle’s head. No one knows exactly why the star patterns were changed, but the earlier “cross pattern” configuration is generally the scarcer of the two.

1865 Two Cent Piece - MS65 RB

The 1865 Two Cent piece is one of the most common dates of the series. Its mintage of 13,640,000 is exceeded only by the mintage of the 1864, and no other date has a mintage of more than 3.2 million pieces. This makes the 1865 a good choice as a representative example of the type. Major varieties include Plain 5 and Fancy 5; minor varieties include a lightly doubled obverse and several repunched dates. One of the most unusual varieties is a Fancy 5 with traces of a misplaced date visible in the denticles below the date. (From PCGS Coin Facts)

1866 Shield Nickel with Rays NGC MS64

DESIGNER: James Barton Longacre
EDGE: Plain
DIAMETER: 20.50 millimeters
WEIGHT: 1.94 grams
MINTAGE: 14,742,500
MINT: Philadelphia
METAL: 75% Copper, 25% Nickel

1878 8TF Morgan Silver Dollar NGC MS62

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1878 S Trade Dollar NGC UNC Details - Cleaned

Minor hairline scratches on the plastic slab.

History of the Trade Dollar (1973-1885) (From NGC Coin Explorer)

Federal officials faced a dilemma in the years after the Civil War. The Comstock Lode and other Western mines were producing large quantities of silver, but the government could use only limited amounts of it in coinage. This seems puzzling in retrospect, for silver coins were few and far between in circulation (a lingering legacy of wartime hoarding), and Americans presumably would have welcomed major infusions of silver coins.

But Mint officials feared that new silver coins would be subject to hoarding as well, since the marketplace was awash with paper money, including fractional currency born of wartime need. People would have been only too happy to exchange these notes, which brought less than full face value, for precious-metal coinage.

For a time, the miners found outlets for their silver, often in coinage form, in foreign markets. Canada, Latin America and Europe all absorbed significant quantities during the 1860s. But then, for various reasons these markets became glutted. In Europe, for example, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck established a gold standard for Germany after unifying the country in 1871 and promptly dumped huge amounts of silver on the international market.

For the miners and their powerful allies in Washington these developments were doubly disturbing: Not only was it hard to sell their silver, but the market price was steadily declining. Initially, coinage did offer one escape valve: Under a long- standing law, silver could be deposited with the Mint for conversion into silver coins, for which it could then be exchanged.

Having no other ready outlet, miners took advantage of this one. Invariably, they chose silver dollars, the one denomination that hadn’t been changed when silver coins were reduced in weight (and precious-metal content) in 1853. As a direct result, silver dollar mintages soared above one million in both 1871 and 1872.

But with the Coinage Act of 1873, Congress closed this loophole by suspending further production of silver dollars. And that’s where the Trade dollar came in: flexing their muscle, the mining interests won approval for this new silver coin—one that would, in theory at least, not only provide an outlet for the metal, but also open a whole new market for it in an area that was already receiving Congressional attention.

The market in question was Asia, particularly China. Some U.S. silver had found its way to that region previously, but now a full-fledged offensive was planned. The Chinese had shown a decided preference for silver coins, and up to then the bulk of American trade with China had been carried out with Spanish and Mexican dollars. The Trade dollar’s architects set out to supplant those rivals by giving the new coin a higher silver content. They even had it inscribed on the coin: “420 GRAINS, 900 FINE.”

The Trade Dollar design

At first glance, the Trade dollar looks much like a regular silver dollar. It’s the same diameter and about the same weight as its predecessor, the Seated Liberty dollar, and its portraiture is similar: a seated female figure representing Liberty on the obverse and a naturalistic eagle on the reverse—designs prepared by Mint Chief Engraver William Barber.

The Trade Dollar composition

In contrast to the new Trade dollar, the regular U.S. silver dollar weighed just 412.5 grains, and the Mexican dollar weighed only 416. But the architects had miscalculated; though it weighed slightly less, the Mexican coin had a higher fineness and therefore contained slightly more pure silver. The astute Chinese recognized this and, in many provinces, gave the U.S. coin short shrift, favoring the Mexican coin.

Problems with the Trade Dollar

That’s not to say the Trade dollar wasn’t used. On the contrary, over 27 million went overseas and found their way into Asian commerce, many later being sent on to India in trade for opium. Numerous pieces show chop marks—distinctive Chinese symbols—placed on them by merchants to attest to their authenticity. But usage of the coins never approached Americans’ expectations.

The Trade dollar’s biggest problems occurred not in China but at home. In a last-minute deal, Congress had made the coin a legal tender for domestic payments up to five dollars. In 1876, millions were dumped into circulation in the United States when silver prices plummeted, making them worth substantially more as money than as metal.

Congress quickly revoked their legal tender status (the only time this has been done with any U.S. coin), but the seeds of serious trouble had been sown. In the late 1870s, employers bought up huge numbers of the coins at slightly more than bullion value (80 to 83 cents apiece) and then put them in pay envelopes at face value. Merchants and banks accepted them only at bullion value or rejected them altogether, so the workers effectively lost one-sixth to one-fifth of their pay at a time when that pay often amounted to less than $10 a week.

Spurned abroad and despised by many at home, the Trade dollar soon faded into oblivion. After 1878, production was suspended except for proofs—and even those dwindled to just ten in 1884 and five in 1885.

Like many other “fantasy” coins before them, the 1884 and 1885 pieces were clandestinely struck for Mint crony William Idler and were unknown to the numismatic community until six pieces from Idler’s estate were sold by dealer John Haseltine in 1908. Notwithstanding their questionable origin, these two dates are viewed as great rarities today.

The Trade Dollar mintage

In all, fewer than 36 million Trade dollars were struck during the coin’s 13-year lifespan, including about 11,000 proofs. Production took place at Philadelphia, Carson City and San Francisco. The rarest business strike is the 1878-CC with a mintage of 97,000, many of which appear to have been melted. All high grade business strikes of the Trade dollar are rare to non-existent, leaving proofs to fill most of the demand from type collectors.

The extraordinary beauty of originally-toned proofs entices many collectors to attempt complete proof runs (excluding the virtually unavailable 1884 and 1885, of course). Indeed, any Trade dollar is highly prized in pristine condition. Points to check for wear include Liberty’s ear, left knee and breast and the eagle’s head and left wing.

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The NGC Coin Explorer — a searchable catalog of American and US coins — is your convenient numismatic library with important coin details from the NGC Price Guide, NGC Census, NGC Registry and Auction Central resources all in one place. Consider this coin list to be your coin index where you can look up coins of all types to learn collectible coin facts, coin values, coin histories and more. This database of US coins provides coin information that all numismatists can reference as a coin guide when buying coins or selling coins.

1878-S Morgan Silver Dollar - PCGS MS64

DESIGNER: George T. Morgan
EDGE: Reeded
DIAMETER: 38.10 millimeters
WEIGHT: 26.73 grams
MINTAGE: 9,774,000
MINT: San Francisco
METAL: 90% Silver, 10% Copper

1879 S Morgan Silver Dollar PCGS MS64

Premium Quality Nice White Well Struck with Minimal Bag Marks!

1880 CC Morgan Silver Dollar NGC MS63 - Toned

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1880 S Morgan Silver Dollar PCGS MS64☆

DESIGNER: George T. Morgan
EDGE: Reeded
DIAMETER: 38.10 millimeters
WEIGHT: 26.73 grams
MINTAGE: 8,900,000
MINT: San Francisco
METAL: 90% Silver, 10% Copper

1880 S Morgan Silver Dollar NGC MS65

Light toning on the obverse. (See Pictures)